How Does Foreign Trade Impact on The US Economy

Introduction Trade between the United States and the rest of the world has played a significant role in the growth and development of the US economy over the past years. The growth of foreign trade in the US grew much faster after the Second World War. The trade between the US and the rest of the world is vital because the US is a superpower nation.Advertising We will write a custom proposal sample on How Does Foreign Trade Impact on The US Economy? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More There are a number of benefits that arise from the trade relationship between the US and the rest of the world. First, the exports and imports of goods and services results in an improvement in the standards of livings of the citizens. This comes about because exports generate revenue to the economy while imports increase the amount of commodities available for consumption. This further leads to a reduction in the prices of goods and services. On the ot her hand, foreign trade has a negative impact on the economy in a number of ways. A major drawback is the risk of survival of the domestic industries. Economists argue that foreign trade results in the reduction of job opportunities and wages. This can be attributed to the fact that an increase in import leads to a reduction in the amount of goods and services produced by local firms. On the contrary, surveys show that the imposition of restrictions on trade does not favor both consumers and the producers (McTeer 1). Background Economic globalization The contemporary economies of the world are characterized by economic globalization. These economies experience a rapid growth of foreign trade and cross border investments. This has resulted in a transfer of international labor across various states and a change in the industrial structure of the economies. There are certain variables that have grown significantly due to economic globalization. To start with, studies show that there is rapid growth of foreign trade. According to the statistics provided by the World Trade Organization’s (WTO), the volume of world trade increased by 15% to reach a value of $11.76 trillion. The increase is equivalent to a growth of world trade by 8% (McTeer 1). Secondly, the statistics provided by the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) indicate that there is a significant growth in the volume of foreign direct investment (McTeer 1). For instance, the statistics show that the amount of international direct investment inflows amounted to $1.271 trillion. The value in the current year has grown tremendously (McTeer 1).Advertising Looking for proposal on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More An increase in foreign direct investment has resulted in growth and development of several economies. Thirdly economic globalization has resulted in rapid flow of resources across the world. Rapid reorganization of factors of production has been observed in various sectors across the globe. This can be attributed to high – end and high – tech transfer in the manufacturing sector. Further, foreign direct investment has resulted in the exchange of resources (capital mobility) and knowledge. The transfer of knowledge leads to an accumulation of knowledgeable human capital in a country (Tianzhu, Sun and Cui Riming 1). Foreign trade policy Various countries have come up with a number of policies to govern trade with their trading partners. Such policies have a significant effect on trade with other nations. The foreign trade and trade policy of the United States is quite contentious because the country has continued to maintain an open market policy. The international trade policy of the country has undergone various amendments (Irwin 1b). These changes occur as the political leadership changes. Thus, it can be noted that the international trade policies depend on t he political regime. For instance, during the Clinton administration significant adjustments were made to the foreign trade policy (Irwin 1b). For instance, the administration altered the traditional adherence to the free trade strategy and introduced a more practical fair trade strategy. Further, the management concentrated on the development of international trade. They treated this expansion as a priority to the development goal of the country. Further, the administration also actively implemented strategic trade policies that resulted in an increase the competitive advantage of domestic firms both in the domestic and foreign markets. Specifically, the government of the US came up with the new policy orientation ad strategy choice. This foreign trade policy aimed at promoting economic safety within the United States. It also enabled the country to acquire large international market. The policy was geared towards improving the economic security of the country. In the process of pa rticipating international trade, the country needs to protect the strategic high-tech companies (Irwin 1b). This can achieved by coming up with the trade policies and tariffs that will protect the domestic industries. In addition, the country should ensure that in the process of implementing the open market and open trade policy, the quality of goods and services brought into the country is not compromised.Advertising We will write a custom proposal sample on How Does Foreign Trade Impact on The US Economy? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Thus, the quality of goods and services must be similar to the goods and services traded in the open market. This can be achieved by coming up with standards for measurement of quality. The same concept is being practiced in Japan and Germany (Irwin 1b). The favorable trade policy in the US has resulted in tremendous growth of export of goods and services within the US. For instance, between 19 92 and 1996, the value of exports increased from $736.7 billion to $1,032.4 billion. The change is equivalent to a 40% increase (McTeer 1). During the same period, the export became the key factor that contributed to the expansion of the US economy. Even though the country has experienced a deficit in the balance of trade, that is, the value of imports often exceeded the value of exports. The tremendous increase in the volume of export has resulted in a trade surplus. This has led to the positive growth of the value of gross domestic product (GDP) of the country. For instance, the in the first quarter of the year 2007, the value of exports was 12 percent while the value of imports was 17 percent of the GDP (McTeer 1). Thus, the resulting trade deficit was approximately 5 percent of the GDP. However, in the third quarter of the same year, the value of exports was 13 percent while the value of imports was 16 percent of the GDP (McTeer 1). Thus, the resulting trade deficit was approxim ately 3 percent of the GDP. The resulting trade deficit declined by approximately 2 percent of the GDP (McTeer 1). It can be observed that there has been a continuous increase in the volume of export with a corresponding decline in the proportion of imports. This has narrowed down the gap between exports and imports (McTeer 1). Aim of the paper The paper seeks to analyze the impact of foreign trade in the economy of the US. Specifically, the paper will analyze the impact of foreign trade on GDP, standard of living (measured using per capita income), and other variables. Literature review There are a number of studies that have been carried out to analyze the impact of foreign trade on the US economy. Besides, there has been continuous debate on the trade-off between the positive and negative impact of trade on the US economy. This has called for the needs to come up with policies that create a balance between the negative and positive impact of trade.Advertising Looking for proposal on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More An example of such study was carried out by Robert Krol in the year 2008 (Krol 1). In the study, â€Å"the author carried out a review of the empirical studies that evaluate the impact of foreign trade on the US economy† (Krol 3). Specifically, the author focused on the factors that cause an increase in foreign trade, the positive impact of foreign trade, the effect of foreign trade on employment and wages, and the cost of restrictions on foreign trade. Krol reviewed the work of various scholars and came up with a number of observations (Krol 4). To start with, Krol observed that the concept of comparative advantage was a key motivator for international trade. This implies that countries still engage in trade on the basis of their comparative advantage (Krol 4). Further, Krol observed that there are a number of factors that explain the growth of foreign trade. The study showed that the growth of income explains about sixty six percent of growth in foreign trade, trade freedom accounts for twenty five percentage of the growth of foreign trade and a decline in the transportation cost explains the rest of the expansion of foreign trade (Krol 4). Thus, it can be observed that the three factors explain the growth in foreign trade. The study also pointed out that a change in government policies on foreign trade had a significant impact on the expansion of foreign trade. A change in any of the factors will result in a change of the volume of international trade. The research further indicated that an expansion of foreign trade has contributed to a high rate of growth in the economy. It also contributed to the growth of income in economies that are open. The author has indicated that a unit growth of trade results in a unit growth of per capita income (Krol 4). Further, removal of trade barriers across the world will result in an increase in the growth of world income by approximately $2 trillion. Such action will result in the growth of income of the US econom y by about $500 billion. Therefore, the results of the research show that free trade between nations results in significant economic benefits. Further, Krol observed that competition that arises as a result of free trade results in lower prices of goods and services. Besides, such competitions lead to an increase in the variety of goods and services that are being offered to the consumers (Krol 4). On the contrary, Krol observed that loss of jobs occurs in sectors of the economy that are not open to foreign trade. Statistics in the study show that foreign trade affects only fifteen percent of the work force. Further, the study shows that there is a positive correlation between an increase in imports and an increase in job creation in the US economy. This can only be explained by the fact that a loss in jobs in the production sector of the economy is counterbalanced by gain in employment in other sectors of the economy. Therefore, it can be stated that foreign trade has lead to a dec line in the growth of the manufacturing sector with a corresponding growth in other sectors of the US economy (Krol 4). Apart from loss of jobs, Krol also established that expansion of foreign trade does not explain the wage differentials between the skilled and semi skilled. Krol established that the difference in wages between these two groups is explained by technological differences and not trade (Krol 4). Finally, Krol observed that the free trade is beneficial to the economy. The economic benefits (both measurable and non-measurable) exceed the wages paid to workers (Krol 4). A separate research was carried out by James Jackson in the year 2013 (Jackson 6b). In the study, Jackson used the computable general equilibrium model that integrates data on foreign trade and other economic variables for about 100 countries. He also made use of the Michigan Model and Estimates as an extension of the computable general equilibrium model in his study (Jackson 16b). The study was based on cross sectional secondary data. Jackson observed that foreign trade enables countries to use their resource endowment more proficiently. This enables them to maximize the variety of goods and services they provide to their citizens thus increasing their standard of living (Jackson 11b). The author further stated that the economies of the world engage in trade with an aim of maximizing their national interest. Jackson further pointed out that nations engage in trade on the basis of comparative advantage. The author stated that individuals within a nation will tend to focus on areas they have strong skills. Based on this, the citizens will focus on the production of goods and services in the areas they have comparative advantage and exchange with countries that produces other goods and services (Jackson 14b). This creates the concept of exports and imports in international trade. In the paper, Jackson stated that foreign trade alone does not account for the economic expansion or contr action of key variables in the economy such as income level, output level, wage rate, and distribution of income because exports accounted for only about 14 percent (in the year 2012) of the GDP of the country (Jackson 11b). However, the author stated that from the production point of view, foreign trade leads to movement of both labor and capital from productive sectors of the economy to less productive sectors. This strengthens specialization and improves efficiency in the economy. The research conducted by Jackson further reveals that the movement of capital and labor from one sector of the economy to the other results in an adjustment of costs and improvement of efficiency. Further, research conducted by Jackson showed that foreign trade results in consumption gains for the citizens in the form of increase in the variety of goods and services, improved quality and a decline in prices. The research also pointed out that engagement in trade results in economic growth of a country. This can be observed when the impact is measured over a long period of time. The economic growth is strengthened by trade liberalization. Jackson had the same findings in the earlier research paper that was published in the year 2008 (Jackson 27a). Another research was conducted by Oscar Afonso in the year 2001 (Afonso 1). In the paper, the author attempted to explain the economic theories that explain the impact of international trade on economic growth. In the study, Afonso focused on â€Å"the impact of international trade (from a commercial and technological aspect) on physical accumulation and quality of productive factors† (Afonso 1). The author observed that during the classical period, international trade had a positive impact on economic growth. The research further shows that during the neoclassical period, foreign trade did not have an impact on the economic growth of the nations that were being analyzed. This situation was experienced until the 1960’s (Afo nso 27). Further, the author stated that the recent theories have explained better the positive relationship between foreign trade and economic growth. Afonso also pointed out that there is significant empirical evidence to show that trade liberalization tends to impact positively on economic growth. The author pointed that in developed economies, trade liberalization increases the domestic rates of innovation (Afonso 27). Finally, Afonso pointed out that the effect of foreign trade varies depending on the level of growth and development of the trade partners, the level of technological development, and level of human capital development (Afonso 27). Thus, the author stated that countries cannot achieve equal results from foreign trade (Afonso 27). Based on the literature review above, it is evident that engagement in foreign trade generates positive results on an economy. Thus, data for the US economy will be collected to verify the above findings Methodology and Data Data collecti on A comprehensive internet research will be carried out as part of secondary research on the available data about the impacts of foreign trade on the economy of the US. The data will comprise of GDP per capita, population growth rate, capital formation, investment, import, exports, and foreign direct investment (US Department of Commerce 1). These are proxies that will be used to estimate the Cobb-Douglas production function. The weakness in this data is that the proxies might not give a true representation of variables being measured. Specifically, the data will be retrieved from the US Bureau of Commerce website (US Department of Commerce 1). The source is reliable because it is updated by the US Department of Commerce on a periodic basis. The data will cover a period of 33 years, that is, between 1980 and 2012. Scope of the methodology The scope of the methodology is a systematic and a comprehensive method of data collection, grouping, and analysis in order to scientifically app ly reasoning from the analyzed data. As a matter of fact, the result of this process combines outcome and the purpose of the research. As stated by Kothari (2004), a blueprint is transformed into a research design through a series of operational study aimed at drawing a factual outcome comprising of evidence backed claims. The chapter focuses on research design, data collection methods, data processing and analysis. According to Kothari (2004), research design resonates on the facets of research project blueprint that comprise of study of operations to create an efficient outcome that yield the desired information at minimal cost (Kothari 10). In order to achieve the desired outcome, a quality research should assimilate systematic investigation characterized by the phenomenon approach of a scenario through statistical and mathematical computations (Kothari 10). Quantitative research in Secondary data This study will use a systematic quantitative research method in collecting data. R eflectively, non-experimental quantitative research design determines existing or perceived relationship between dependent and independent variables of any given study population (Mugenda and Mugenda 23). In collective quantitative data, past survey instruments will be employed across the study. The study opts for quantitative data collection method since it is economical on time, finance, and energy unlike qualitative method which may not be economical especially when the sample size is put into the picture. However, this method limits natural expression of ideas and attitude towards the study and objective especially in responding to questions asked or reflecting on a secondary thought (US Department of Commerce 1). The researcher will carry out comprehensive internet research as part of secondary research on the available data about the impacts of foreign trade on the economy of the US. The data will comprise of GDP per capita, population growth rate, capital formation, investmen t, import, exports, and foreign direct investment. The data will be analyzed at all levels to present a comprehensive result. Reflectively, the context of secondary data will depend on online research on present, past, and projected future data on the state of foreign trade in the US. Holistic inquiry requires a method for choosing among models that is congruent with holistic philosophy. A comprehensive approach to model design and interpretation will provide a general holistic framework to guide the study. To analyze the data, comparisons with previous studies will be conducted. A summary of the articles and journals will be used to model the solution to the problem. In the analysis phase, the paper examines the impact of foreign trade on the economy of the US as identified in the literature (US Department of Commerce 1). Hypothesis The null hypothesis (Ho): Foreign trade does not have an impact on the US economy Alternative hypothesis (H1): Foreign trade has an impact on the US ec onomy Variable models Regression analysis is a statistical tool that is used to develop and approximate linear relationships among various variables. When coming up with the model, it is necessary to separate between dependent and independent variables. GDP per capita The dependent variable in this analysis is the GDP per capita. This will be used as a proxy for the output level in the Cobb-Douglas production function. It represents Y in the regression model. Population growth The first explanatory variable that will be used in the analysis is the population growth rate. Economic theory suggests that there is negative relationship between population growth rate and GDP per capita. Physical capital stock The second explanatory variable is investment in physical capital stock. In the analysis, capital formation and investment expressed as the percentage of GDP is used as proxies for investment in capital stock. Economic theory suggests that there is positive relationship between inves tment and physical stock and GDP per capita income. Trade The third explanatory variable in the regression analysis is trade. In this analysis, trade is measured using the ratio of the sum of total exports and total imports divided by the amount of GDP. The literature review above suggests that there is positive relationship between international trade and improvement of standards of living (measured using the GDP per capita). Knowledge The final variable is knowledge. The value of foreign direct investment is used as a proxy for knowledge transfer. Economic theory suggests that there is positive relationship between between knowledge transfer and per capita income. Model specification To estimate the impact of international trade on the US economy, the Cobb-Douglas production function is used. The production function takes the form Y = KÃŽ ± * (A * L) ÃŽ ²; ÃŽ ± + ÃŽ ² = 1. The equation can be transformed into linear form by converting the variables into logarithmic form. When usin g the ordinary least squares method, the regression line takes the form The regression equation can be simplified to take the form Y = b0 + b1X1 + b2X2 + b3X3 + b4X4. Thus, from the variables discussed above, the regression line takes the form presented below. YGDP per capita = b0 + b1X (pop + 5) + b2Xinvest + b3Xcapital + b4Xtrade + b5Xknow. Analysis and findings Correlation analysis Correlation coefficient measures the degree of association between two variables. The table in appendix 1 gives a summary of the correlation analysis. The results of correlation coefficient indicate that there is a weak negative relationship between the GDP per capita, and population growth rate (35.02%) and investment (42.65%). Also, indicates that there is a positive negative relationship between the GDP per capita and trade (43.34%). On the other hand, there is a strong negative relationship between GDP per capital and capital (65.36%). Finally, there is a strong positive relationship between GDP p er capita and knowledge (84.25%) (US Department of Commerce 1). Regression results The results of the coefficient of regression analysis are presented in appendix 2. From the regression results, the regression equation can be written as shown below. YGDP per capita = 4.4771 + 0.1995X (pop ) – 0.7927Xinvest + 0.2721Xcapital – 0.0356Xtrade + 0.1576Xknow. The negative coefficients on investment and trade imply that a unit change in the value of each variable result in a decline in the value of GDP per capita. The positive coefficients on population, investment and knowledge imply that a unit change in the value of the each variable result in an increase in the value of GDP per capita. Evaluation of the model A t – test is used to evaluate the statistical significance of the explanatory variables. A two tailed t- test is carried out at 5% significance level. Null hypothesis: Ho: bi = 0 Alternative hypothesis: H1: bi ≠  0 The null hypothesis implies that the var iables are not significant determinants of GDP per capita. The alternative hypothesis implies that variables are significant determinants of GDP per capita. The results of t – test are presented in appendix 3. From the results of the t – test, it can be observed that population growth rate, capital and knowledge are the only significant determinants of GDP per capita. However, trade and investment are not significant determinants of GDP per capita at the 5% level of significance. F–test of the regression models The overall significance of the regression model can be evaluated using an F-test. The test is carried out 5% significance level. Null hypothesis H0: ÃŽ ²0 = ÃŽ ²1 Alternative hypothesis H1: ÃŽ ²j ≠  0, for at least one value of j The null hypothesis implies that the overall regression line is not significant. The alternative hypothesis implies that overall regression line is significant. The value of F-calculated is 44.95 while the value of F-tabula ted is 2.0495. Thus, the null hypothesis is rejected. This implies that the overall linear regression line is significant and can be used in further analysis and predictions. How the results support the competing hypothesis The discussion above shows that there are a number of variables that significantly determine GDP per capita. Also, the discussion shows that the overall regression line is significant. Further, the value of R-square is 89.28%. This implies the explanatory variables explain 89.28% of the variations in the dependent variable. It is an indication of a strong variable. Therefore, the null hypothesis will be rejected and conclude that foreign trade has an impact on the US economy. Conclusions The paper carried out an analysis of the impact of foreign trade on the economy of the US. The Cobb-Douglas production function was used to evaluate the impact of foreign trade on GDP per capita. Various variables were used as proxies for foreign trade. The study shows that indee d foreign trade has an impact on the economy of the US. Specifically, foreign trade has a positive impact on efficiency, accumulation of physical capital stock, and knowledge transfer. The results are consistent with the observations in the literature review section. Works Cited Afonso, Oscar 2001, The Impact of International Trade on Economic Growth. PDF. 06 Nov. 2013. Irwin, Douglas 2006, Historical Aspects of US Trade Policy. Web. Jackson, James 2008a, Trade Agreements: Impact on The US Economy. PDF. 06 Nov. 2013. Jackson, James 2013b, Trade Agreements: Impact on The US Economy. PDF. 06 Nov. 2013. Kothari, Jaipur. Research Methodology: Methods and Techniques, New Delhi: New Age International (P) Limited Publishers, 2004. Print. Krol, Robert 2008, Trade, Protectionism ad the US Economy. PDF. 06 Nov. 2013. McTeer, Bob 2008, The Impact of Foreign Trade on the Economy. PDF. 06 Nov. 2013. Mugenda, Olive, and A. Mugenda. Research Methods: Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches, Nairob i: Acts Press, 2003. Print. Tianzhu, Sun and Cui Riming. â€Å"Exploration on U.S Foreign Trade Deficit Promote Economic Growth.† China Academic Journal Press, (2007): 1003-6547. US Department of Commerce 2013, US Economic Accounts. Web. 06 Nov. 2013. Appendices Appendix 1 –  Correlation coefficients GDP per capita Population growth rate Capital Investment Trade Knowledge GDP per capita 1 Population growth rate -0.3501976 1 Capital -0.6535602 0.4442833 1 Investment -0.4265077 0.2005812 0.845079 1 Trade 0.4334494 -0.0820460 -0.44679 -0.443095 1 Knowledge 0.8424513 -0.3556573 -0.32874 -0.137134 0.425612 1 Appendix 2 –  Coefficient of the variables GDP per capita Intercept 4.477109 Population growth rate 0.199521 Capital -0.79269 Investment 0.272063 Trade -0.03556 Knowledge 0.157751 Appendix 3 –  Results of t – test Variable t – values computed (t at ÃŽ ± 0.05 = 1.9432) Decision b0 25.09364 Reject b1 2.1604 Reject b2 -4.52272 Reject b3 1.155193 Do not reject b4 -1.22699 Do not reject b5 9.699556 Reject This proposal on How Does Foreign Trade Impact on The US Economy? was written and submitted by user Alyvia N. to help you with your own studies. 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Personality Identifier Essays

Personality Identifier Essays Personality Identifier Paper Personality Identifier Paper Personality Identifier: the four temperaments According to some psychologists, bible scholars and theologians there are four basic temperaments that determine our personality types. Research reveals that this study goes far back as many as a thousand years. When we are able to identify who we really are and our temperamental tendencies, we are better able to regulate ourselves. Being aware of our personal tendencies allows us to create self-control and self-discipline within ourselves to avoid unnecessary pitfalls within our lives. If someone is aware that they are more prone to succumbing depression, that person can lean on God to help them control negative emotions and harmful thoughts that would encourage that depression. Knowing our own personality type better assists us in our relationships with others. Everyone that we do not get along with cannot be deemed evil sometimes its as simple as a clash in personality types. What If that person Is someone that you cannot avoid, Like your boss? Understanding your personality type and your bosses personality type will give you the Information that you need to properly manage that relationship. There Is thing worse than going Into work every day to work for a boss that you do not get along with. But when you can navigate others by identifying their personality type you are more likely to have a better relationship with that person. Aside from boosting our relationships, understanding your personality type can better your ministry, your family relations (especially if you are a parent) and even your business. Although there are four basic temperaments, many of us are a combination of two. The following are examples of the combinations: Mel-Color, Color-San, San-phlegm, Phlegm-Mel, Melisa, Color-Phlegm; as well as the reverse of the latter: Color-Mel, San- Color, Phlegm-San, Melville, San-Mel, and Phlegm-Color. The order of temperaments Is determined based on which temperament was the dominant temperament within an Individual. SANGUINE The first temperament type is called sanguine. This is the most emotional type. The Sanguine is the popular person who wants to fun out of every situation and always wants to be the life of the party. Sanguine love to talk and carry lot of influence. The Sanguine are the easiest to spot because they make grand entrances, love attention, attract people with their magnetism, exude charisma, and tell funny stories. What they want to hear from you is how attractive they are, how you like their hair, make-up, clothes, dangling rhinestone earrings or anything else they have put on to ensure that you notice them. They live for the externals and want you to get excited over their style, sense of humor or new red sports car. Sanguine are popular, talkative and the center of attention at all times, no matter the setting. They are warm, caring, and enjoying?its easy for something to warm tenet near Ana teen nave an tourist AT response. Although at times, teen may speak before they think they are sincere and loving. Never at a loss for words, this extrovert is everybodys friend but this person will also be the first one to forget you. The Sanguine lives for the moment, and tends to go with the flow easily. They are quickly distracted, therefore not very reliable. But shes so lovable that her friends tend to pass off her weaker tendencies, saying, Thats Just the way Sandy is. A person with a sanguine temperament is affectionate, loving, cheerful, optimistic, hopeful, and confident. Because of their bubbly personality, they often appear phony ND comes on too strong. They are apt to dominate the conversation or talk too much about themselves. In their enthusiasm, they may exaggerate the truth, waste time, and forget obligations. The Sanguine has more natural inner-beauty qualities than the other temperame nts. They can work on calmness and on controlling their tongue. This trait can be assisted by using Gods Word, particularly in Colombians 4:6, Let your speech be always with grace, seasoned with salt, that you may know how you ought to answer every man. Sanguine are frequently not disciplined, and this is, of course, very difficult for the third personality yep called melancholy to understand. Sanguine wear their heart on their sleeve, but they very easily forgive and forget. As quickly as a Sanguine will discover a new hobby or pursuit, that love of it can be lost when it ceases to be engaging or fun. An example of a sanguine in the bible is the Apostle Peter. Another example is King Saul. Both were quite unstable in their emotions. That is why even why Jesus changed his name from Simon meaning reed to Peter meaning stone. We saw how Peter changed dramatically when he was filled with the Holy Spirit (see Acts 2 and 3). He came a Christenings, stable, reliable and faithful man of God and one of the greatest apostles that ever lived. This is what happens when we allow the Spirit of God and Gods word to shape our emotional life. CHOLERIC The second temperament or personality type is called choleric. The Choleric is the powerful person who wants to take control of every situation and make decisions for others. Choleric love to work and they possess dominance. They are identified as the Powerful Person and are easy to spot because they walk with authority and appears to be in charge of everything. Such people dont want to waste much time on trivial activity with no obvious results or converse with people who have nothing to say of significance. They are frequently telling other people what to do and pointing out the dummies of life. They accomplish more than any of the other personality types, can quickly assess what needs to be done, and are usually right. They dont need to be affirmed on their looks, but they love praise for their accomplishments; their speed in problem solving; their constant goal setting, their loyalty to God, church, mother, business, or country; and their sense of fair play. If you are a Phlegmatic- the fourth personality type; you get worn out Just watching these people, but if you want them to be impressed with you, tell them how amazed you are at how much teen accomplish In a very snort time. I nee may never nave notable you Detour but they will suddenly see you as a person of great discernment. The Choleric is the no-nonsense person?practicality is her way of life. Self-sufficient, active, and hard- working, the Choleric gets it done. Ill do something, right or wrong, is a phrase that characterizes them. They get the Job done, whether the results are perfect or not. Choleric plan quickly, almost intuitively sizing up what needs to be done, then follows through with the plan. You wont catch them deliberating too long over details. This dogmatic person is a born leader, very keen and capable of responsibility. They will take a stand and stick to it, no matter what?a good and bad aspect of the temperament. As they will not be influenced by what others think and is also the least sensitive or sympathizing of the other four temperaments. You learn to steer clear of the Choleric if you want a shoulder to cry on?theyll Just diagnose your problem and give you a solution. Yet, when you come to understand their personality, they are fun to be around and very capable. The choleric person is an extrovert. They are sure of their ability to handle any situation and can motivate others to action. Their personality perhaps has more weaknesses than strengths. For instance, they are quick tempered and easily angered. Choleric temperaments are irritated easily. The Choleric will have to work at developing the inner beauty of a calm spirit. The person who identifies with this personality type can find in Gods Word the best way to grow, in Philippians 2:13, which says, For it is God which works in you both to will and to do f his good pleasure. The words of James chapter one verse nineteen may also be helpful: Be swift to hear, slow to speak, slow to wrath. An example of the choleric in the bible is the Apostle Paul. But when he encountered Christ, he became a very broken and changed man. MELANCHOLY The third temperament is called melancholy, who is also known as the perfect person who wants everything done in order and done properly and who appreciates art and music. Melancholies love to an alyze are cautious. The Melancholy Perfect Person is usually neatly put together and intellectual looking person. These people are usually quiet, reserved, and a little ill-at-ease in social situations where they dont know everyone. They would rather talk quietly with one person in depth than banter with a group. They consider compliments on clothes and external niceties to be trivial and want to hear about the inner virtues of integrity, wisdom, and spiritual values. Often times melancholies marry Sanguine who cant find their way inside these deep virtues and who keep telling them how cute they look. When we dont understand these differences, we are giving out the very treasures that everyone wants but the melancholies. The Melancholy is very sensitive and easily hurt and tends to take what others say in humor as personal and hurtful. Since Sanguine and Choleric say whatever comes to their minds without weighing their words, they often deflate the Melancholy who is waiting for someone to approach them and say, l understand you. And really mean it. The Melancholy is ten analytical, systematic person, won ladder over eat a ills. An extreme Introvert art, teen are constantly analyzing themselves, and others. Though sometimes they can be at the height of happiness, they are more prone to the dark, gloomy and depressed odds, during which they are extremely withdrawn. Not given much to large crowds ?they usually detest group gatherings and doesnt seek to make new acquaintances. They have a few friends, to whom they are extremely faithful. Self-sacrifice is a great pleasure for a Melancholy, and they feel things rather intensely, though you wouldnt always know it. They are the studious, brainier type, and facts roll easily off their tongue. They can hide much away their brain and would rather read or study than interact with others. Gloominess, irritability, and depression characterize the Melancholy. They often times can be sad and unhappy. A melancholic personality type is very frequently gifted with intellect and talent. They are self-disciplined and usually finishes every project they start. The Holy Spirit may have more work to do in the Melancholy because of the need to develop qualities of their inner beauty. The Melancholy will find help in such verses as Colombians 3:15 and 16: And let the peace of God rule in your hearts Let the word of Christ dwell in you richly in all wisdom; teaching and admonishing one another in psalms and hymns and spiritual songs, singing with grace in your hearts to the Lord. Colombians 3:2 will also help, And set your minds and keep them set on what is above (the higher things), not on the things that are on the earth An example of melancholy in the bible is Moses. When he met God in the burning bush, his life changed, and he became a very meek man. Because of the change within Moses God was truly able to place Moses in his divine destiny, to be a deliverer of Gods people. PHLEGMATIC The fourth personality type is called phlegmatic. The Phlegmatic is the peaceful person who wants to stay out of trouble, keep life on an even plane and get along with everybody. Phlegmatic like to rest and show steadiness. I have met many in my life and it is amazing how quickly we can learn to spot these people therefore giving us the ability to approach them correctly. The Phlegmatic Peaceful Person is amiable, easy to get along with and relaxed. These people fit into any situation, can blend in with the wallpaper and modify their personality to get along without conflict. They laugh with those who laugh and cry with those who cry. Everyone loves the low-key nature of the inoffensive phlegmatic, and though they are not loud like the Sanguine, they do have a witty sense of humor. They often lean while standing and sit in enforceable recliner chairs if at all possible. They dont need a lot of praise like the Sanguine, nor do they want to be in charge like the Choleric or get to deeply involved like the Melancholy. They do appreciate being noticed every once in a while, being included in conversations that they themselves wont push into on their own. Being told that they are of value and their opinion is respected means much to them. Since they often marry Choleric, whose idea of value is wrapped up in how much is accomplished in a given day, they do not get appreciate much Tort tenet quiet Ana gentle split. I nee, In turn, Tina It Doolittle to praise the constant projects of the Choleric because it wears them out Just thinking of them. The phlegmatic is a super introvert. It is difficult to rouse them to action. At times they can be selfish and stubborn but most of the time they are easy to get along with and cheerful. Phlegmatic people are conservative and usually neat, efficient, and dependable. The Phlegmatic is the easy-going, happy-go-lucky person. They are enjoyable to be around, is always happy and gets many pleasures from life, yet he is quite laid-back and doesnt get too excited about much. Phlegmatic would rather take the blame, whether its their fault or not, than stir up controversy or pick a fight. On the Job, they do not seek out the power or the limelight, but rather they work steadily, patiently, and methodically. They are reliable, patient, and methodical in their dealings, and can either work alone or with the most difficult personalities. They naturally have a dry sense of humor and their wittiness keeps their companions laughing constantly. Phlegmatic dont get ruffed about much and is the same, consistent, caring person each time you see them. They tend not to get too involved n things, and would rather sit back and watch the action. A phlegmatic is gracious and kind to all?they love every one and they all love him back. The phlegmatic has some natural inner beauty. Compassion for others is an area they may need to improve. Romans 12:10 says, Be kindly affectionate one to another In honor preferring one another. An example of a phlegmatic in the bible is Abraham. After he listened to Sarah about having a baby with her servant Hager, he did not have a problem with allowing Hager and Shame to live with he and Sarah. Hussars attitude began to change toward Sarah and their relationship become very toxic. Sarah pleaded with Abraham to send Hager and Shame out but Abraham contested.

Environmental Health Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Environmental Health - Essay Example Environmental Protection Agency, 2012). The definition of medical waste was effectively provided in the Medical Waste tracking Act of 1988 which aptly states its meaning as â€Å""any solid waste that is generated in the diagnosis, treatment, or immunization of human beings or animals, in research pertaining thereto, or in the production or testing of biologicals." This definition includes, but is not limited to: blood-soaked bandages; culture dishes and other glassware; discarded surgical gloves; discarded surgical instruments; discarded needles used to give shots or draw blood (e.g., medical sharps); cultures, stocks, swabs used to inoculate cultures; removed body organs (e.g., tonsils, appendices, limbs); and discarded lancets† (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2012, p. 1). 2. Describe the factors that contribute to its toxicity. Information from the World Health Organization (WHO) revealed that as much as 20% of medical wastes are classified as hazardous which â€Å" may be infectious, toxic or radioactive† (WHO, 2011). The factors that allegedly contribute to its toxicity include presence of micro-organisms, as well as preponderance of specifically identified drug-resistant micro-organisms. Likewise, disposing of these medical wastes improperly could pose indirect risks in terms of release of toxic pollutants. As emphasized, â€Å"incinerated materials containing chlorine can generate dioxins and furans2, which are human carcinogens and have been associated with a range of adverse health effects. Incineration of heavy metals or materials with high metal content (in particular lead, mercury and cadmium) can lead to the spread of toxic metals in the environment† (WHO, 2011, p. 1). 3. Name the environmental and occupational sources of exposure to it. The environmental and occupational sources of exposure to medical wastes include landfills, which â€Å"can contaminate drinking-water if they not properly constructed. Occupational risk s exist at disposal facilities that are not well designed, run, or maintained† (WHO, 2011, p. 1). Likewise, medical wastes which are not properly incinerated pose significant hazards. 4. How is it evaluated and treated? According to the Healthcare Environment Resource Center, medical wastes were previously monitored and regulated by the Environmental Protection Agency; but currently, various states have allegedly taken control and governance. The different regulations that stipulate guidelines and monitor, evaluate and treat medical wastes include: the State Medical Waste Regulations, OSHA Regulations, the US EPA Regulations, as well as the Department of Transportation (DOT) Regulations (Healthcare Environment Resource Center, n.d.). 5. What action could you, the nurse, take to reduce exposure of yourself, your co-workers, patients, and the community? As a nurse, the action that must be taken to reduce exposure to medical wastes include adherence to safety procedures as prescr ibed by OSHA and infection control. Likewise, proper disposal in designated waste receptacles must be followed. In addition, the role of nurses in educating other health care practitioners on its hazard and possible effects, if contaminated, should be enforced as a firm advocate for promoting a safe and secure environment. 6. List at least three web sources about it. References Healthcare Enviro

Wagmatcook culture & hartige centre, Cape Breton,canada 866-295-2999 Research Paper

Wagmatcook culture & hartige centre, Cape Breton,canada 866-295-2999 - Research Paper Example This centre was opened in the year 2001 and is dedicated in reviving the Mi’kmaq culture. An ancient tools collections, A wigwam of real size, photos of the Mi’kmaq people while catching salmon, hunting for caribou, and making baskets portray the Wagmatcook Culture & Heritage Centre’s theme, which is, â€Å"The Way a Mi’kmaq Lives.† Wagmatcook Culture & Heritage Centre is home to a display and heritage exhibition of Mi’kmaq cultural artifacts. There are special activities in this great facility’s hall which include dancing, drumming, and storytelling which are done by the community’s elders. Tourists and visitors get a chance to sample the traditional Mi’kmaq foods including â€Å"four cent cake,† roasted venison, and eel stew which are offered at the Centre’s restaurant. Visitors can also shop for beadwork, baskets, Mi’kmaq regalia, quill-work, and original artwork and paintings. The Wagmatcook Cultu re & Heritage Centre opens daily, all year-round (Wagmatcook.com, 1). Cape Breton Island, where Wagmatcook Culture & Heritage aboriginal site is located, is in the Nova Scotia province of Canada. It is a 3,981  sq  mi (10,311  km2) island, which is 18.7% of Nova Scotia’s total area. Even though, the Strait of Canso physically separates it from the Nova Scotia peninsula, they are artificially connected by the Canso causeway for easy transport. Cape Breton’s landmass upwardly slopes from south to north, hence culminating in the Northern Cape islands. The first residents of the Cape Breton Island were the Maritime Archaic natives who are ancestors to the Mi'kmaq people who were the island’s inhabitants at the time of discovery by the Europeans (Wagmatcook.com, 1). The Wagmatcook people history dates back many centuries. The reservation was, however, not established officially until May 2nd, 1834 by Sir Peregrine Maitland. He has been referred as the gentleman who refused to accede to the Scottish settler’s wishes of removing the Native people from the West-Side Middle River’s mouth. The centre’s operation is part of the five year development strategy by the Wagmatcook Band Council. The Wagmatcook Culture & Heritage Centre’s future plans include featuring an interpretive village offering marine opportunities and outdoor activities and travelling exhibits (religious and medicinal themes). The Smithsonian Institute possesses some four thousand artifacts collected from the Wagmatcook First Nation community (Wagmatcook.com, 1). A tour inside the Wagmatcook Culture & Heritage Center entails visiting interpretive exhibits with available guides, and witnessing first-hand the Mi'kmaq people way of life over the past centuries. The centre offers craft shops where local artisans demonstrate their craftsmanship which has been passed over for generations. You can experience the Mi'kmaq culture through story-telling, drumm ing, and dancing. Traditional foods of the Mi'kmaq people are available at the Clean Wave Restaurant inside the museum. These include eel stew, stewed venison or roasted, rabbit, deer, moose, poached salmon, four-cent cake, lis'knikn, and bannock. There is a variety of souvenirs available for sale including; beadwork (bookmarkers, necklaces, etc.), baskets, earrings, bracelets

Recent Scientific and Technological Innovations Essay Example for Free

Recent Scientific and Technological Innovations Essay The quality of life is normally taken to mean the general well being of people and the environment in which they live in. it is undeniable that recent scientific and technological innovations have enhanced the quality of life for many. However, the developments of today that promise us a better quality of life are also the ones that can worsen the quality of life. Science and technology give their creators and inventors ever-greater supremacy and control, for good or otherwise, over the physical universe. Indeed, the possible dire consequences and impact of misused and misapplied innovations can affect the quality of life drastically. Technological innovations have resulted in an improved and well-established system of telecommunications and satellites. This leads to ease in access of communication system globally. International calls can now be made so readily that two people at separate ends of the world can now stay instantly in contact with a touch of the dial. But, with the onslaught of the worldwide web and wireless communication devices, technology has in fact, drawn people away from each other. The presence of electronic email and short-text messages, gave busy people of this high-tech society yet another excuse to dismiss the need for face-to-face meetings and interactions. Humans have become overly dependent upon such gadgets and devices to carry out the basic task such as to communicate. What will result from the above phenomenon is that the generations to come will be lacking in inter-personal and interactive skills. Medical scientific and technological innovations have been largely beneficial. Death rates, infant mortality rates as well as diseases of the past that used to lead to alarming numbers of deaths, have been eradicated greatly. Modern drugs and vaccines have eased much physically suffering. But, the discovery of Euthanasia and Genetic Engineering have sparked off a series of moral questioning concerning the supposed death with dignity as well as issues that include abortion as the latter opens up possibilities of misuse. It is true that abortion practices ena ble pregnant women who are at health risk to remove the baby in the course of pregnancy but many have taken advantage of this procedure to rid themselves of the product of irresponsible actions on their part. Also, Euthanasia, despite being said to be death in dignity, nevertheless, opposes many religious and conservative views. Advanced military technological innovations have provided a higher degree of security for citizens in countries. This does actually contribute to enhancing the quality of life as cyber warfare, biological warfare and nuclear warfare help to create a new form of defence mechanism to protect the people. Conversely, advance military technological innovations have also empowered modern armies a great level of destructive potential and selective aiming targets. This results in civilians and innocent people ending up as the greater victims in wars. In addition, the use of chemical and biological weapons has diffused effects that make the clear-cut drawing of battle lines more complex and difficult. Hence, instead of enhancing the quality of life, humans’ vulnerability increases and security decreases in times of war. Another political and legal aspect in which scientific and technological innovations have helped to improve the quality of life for humans is the availability of knowledge. Indeed, the access to information enhances democracy that provides citizens with a more liberal political system. However, it should be noted that technology, though allowing easy access to the supply of knowledge, actually devalues the worth of information and knowledge. Today, knowledge can easily turn obsolete as focus is placed on the survival of the most info and techno-savvy society. Also, what is accessible from the wide pool of resources on the worldwide web does not always provide the correct and morally upright information. For instance, the wide pool of pornography corrupts one’s mind and worsens the quality of life as it presents an improper, inaccurate and unrealistic view towards sex. Next, computers and high-tech machinery have aided in improving many economies, especially those of the developing countries. For example, South Korea went from being a developing country to becoming a newly industrialized country because they have become more capital-intensive and technologically oriented in their industries. Areas ranging from manufacturing processes to the service sector have been made easy by the use of both the computer and machinery. Nevertheless, such gadgets have become such an indispensable and essential tool in modern life that the need for labour-intensive employment has greatly declined. This puts lowly educated and lowly skilled workers out of jobs. Such an over reliance branches into almost every type of human activity and the importance of human resources will eventually be lost with time. How can quality of life be enhanced when the technology is deemed more valuable and useful than human resource? Another area to ponder about is the environmental asp ect of life. Pollution and deforestation have both worsened the quality of life in today’s society. Health problems have resulted from air, water, soil and hazardous waste pollution. Governments of less developed nations, in their eagerness to improve their economies by employing technology in their commerce, are willing to forsake the importance of the environment in maintaining the quality of life of their people. Poor air quality in twenty megacities in the world, with population of more than ten million results in an increase in lung, heart and brain cancer. This is the effect of traffic fumes; industrial processes, new sewage systems and even open refuse burning. Water quality is greatly diminished by the pollution caused by petrochemical complex, pesticide and factories. The issue of deforestation is also linked to the worsening of the quality of life as basic needs of recreation, culture and leisure are greatly affected. Thus, it is evident that though busy industries can be an indication of a healthy economy that can increase the monetary aspect of standard of living, actually denies humans their basic right to drink clean water and breathe clean, uncontaminated air. In conclusion, the issues of the quality of life that are affected by scientific and technological innovations are urgent and require much reconsideration. The nuclear power that promised virtually limitless, cheap and non-polluting energy for future generations proved otherwise in the disastrous accidents such as those that took place at Three Mile Island and Chernoblyl. Furthermore, the down sides to the supposed enhancement of the quality of life as depicted by the double-edged sword qualities of science and technology like those presented in this argument have clearly shown that recent scientific and technological innovations can increase the quality of life as well as degenerate it.

A Postmodern Take on a Hollywood Film Classic Essay -- Movies Papers

A Postmodern Take on a Hollywood Film Classic The jacket blurb on Robert Coover’s creative compilation A Night at the Movies reads: â€Å"From Hollywood B-movies to Hollywood classics, A Night at the Movies invents what ‘might have happened’ in these Saturday afternoon matinees. Mad scientists, vampires, cowboys, dance-men, Chaplin, and Bogart, all flit across Robert Coover’s riotously funny screen, doing things and uttering lines that are as shocking to them as they are funny to the reader. As Coover’s Program announces, you will get Coming Attractions, The Weekly Serial, Adventure, Comedy, Romance, and more, but turned upside-down and inside-out.† It is perhaps more appropriate to call Coover’s work a creative compilation as opposed to a novel or even a collection of short stories. A single theme of â€Å"what might have happened† runs throughout each of the inclusions, each inclusion being devoted to a particular Hollywood movie. Thus, the text as a whole is united b y means of this common thread, but the thread is thin and stretched tightly, resulting in each inclusion having the ability to stand alone as a complete and independent work, related to the others, yet individual. The complete collection may be examined as a work, or conversely, each individual â€Å"story† may be considered a finished work to be studied. Each chapter invents its own reality, a reality of the screen, of the movies, that is brought into closer contact by means of a literary text. The book as a whole, then, glorifies in the postmodern tradition multiple interpretations of reality. Movies themselves present alternative realities or interpretations of perceived realities, most often differing from our own individual constructions. Thus, by offering ... ...nto playful pornography, and in doing so has once again acted in the postmodern tradition. Transforming this film classic is in a way blasphemy. The film has been held in the highest esteem by movie critics for decades, and here Coover has deconstructed and destroyed it in a mere thirty-one pages. The manner in which he has done it is indeed witty, however, and certainly eclectic and new. Works Cited Barth, John. â€Å"The Literature of Replenishment,† from Atlantic Monthly 254: 1. January 1980. Coover, Robert. â€Å"You Must Remember This,† in A Night at the Movies. Normal: Dalkey Archive Press, 1997. 156-187 Epstein, Julius J., Philip G. Epstein, and Howard Koch. Casablanca. Original Screenplay. Warner Brothers Studio, 1942. Hoover, Jeff. â€Å"Towards a Description of Modernism and Postmodernism in Literature.† Cedar Rapids: Coe College, Sept. 21, 1999.

Service Alternatives

Keats, P. (2008). Time-Limited Service Alternatives: Using Therapeutic Enactment in Open Group Therapy. The Journal for Specialists in Group Work, 33, 297-316. The increasing numbers of students that require counseling and the growing severity of problems that are being faced by these students in the campuses have prompted counselors to study and apply alternative means of providing the students' counseling and therapy needs.The technique that was presented in the article is one which is considered an innovative counseling approach combining group therapy format and therapeutic enactment intervention techniques to address the needs of the clients. The approaches were based on different theoretical foundations of experts and were designed in a way that will be both effective and efficient. An open group therapy was opted because it facilitates cohesiveness as well provide a venue for greater interaction among clients. On the other hand, therapeutic enhancement is a group-based model t hat involves the client's re-enactment of experiences using actions.Clinical and ethical considerations were based on guidelines set by Association of Specialists in Group Work and the American and Canadian Counseling Association . The qualifications for being in the session would depend on making sure that the well-being of the client will not be jeopardized by a group setting. As the approach employs an open-group structure, it also requires a co-facilitation of the group. The group activities are divided into the warm-up section, the central activity, and a closing exercise.In addition, the concerns that may pose as challenges to the format were thoroughly discussed such as student reluctance, confidentiality, timing and training concerns. The qualitative evaluations at the end of the sessions provided positive results from clients who appreciated being in a group where there was opportunity to interact with other students. Some considerations will be evaluated in the future such as extending evaluation procedures, adapting a more extensive questionnaire, comparisons of evaluations by returning and non-returning clients, as well as using a quantitative measure to improve further understanding.A. How is this work useful to me as an aspiring counselor? This work is useful because it provides insights which are vital for a counselor. The results of the study as well as the approaches used can be utilized and applied in future undertakings. The innovation of the approach presented in the article can provide flexibility and additional knowledge that may be useful under some circumstances. Being an aspiring counselor, one must be adept in assessing the needs of the clients and providing the best approach for their concerns.This article provides just that and gives a reminder to be more critical and observant in dealing with the client as well as being open to learning better strategies. b. How does this work contribute to the field of counseling? This work contri butes new ways of approaching group counseling because it deals with something that addresses the concern of finding innovative means to solve the growing number of clients as well as the increase in the intensity of their problems.Combining the open group therapy approach and therapeutic enhancement provides the field of counseling an approach that is conducive for interaction, counseling in a large-scale setting, as well as allows counselors and facilitators an opportunity for co-leadership and provides more resources for them as well as reduces the possibility of frustration by both counselor and client when in an individual setting. c. What new research do the authors generate by writing this article? The authors generate new research which will involve further evaluation of the results and application of the approach in a different setting.It also foresees the possibility of employing other tools such as a more extensive questionnaire and the use of other forms of quantitative measures. Another consideration for future research is exploring the comparisons of evaluations between those who are not returning for the sessions and those who are actually returning. Ultimately, it opens the research of finding means of making clients satisfied after the first session. References Keats, P. (2008). Time-Limited Service Alternatives: Using Therapeutic Enactment in Open Group Therapy. The Journal for Specialists in Group Work, 33, 297-316.