Gender, Masculinity, And Body Structure And How It Is...

In adolescent’s years, the process of the development stages to boy’s bodies takes place. A male’s body structure and how it is perceived by society contributes to their construction of their masculine identities (Addis, M. E., Reigeluth, C. S., Schwab, J. R., 2016). Swain (2003) researchers suggest males constructed their sense of self through their bodies which are used as a social symbol to peers that is a display of masculinity. Kimmel (1997), suggest males create their masculine identities through their social interactions, such as sports. Within sports, masculinity is heavily highlighted, because society perceives a muscular sculpture and athleticism as male qualities. Researchers examined how males use their bodies in intimidating ways in sports which reveal their hypermasculinity (Iudici, A., Verdecchia, M., 2015). For instance, boys will join a sport and use their bodies when participating in athletics to show a physical sign of â€Å"toughness†. In sports or physical activities, boy’s masculinity are showcased. Many males measure their own body’s strength and skills to other males (Kehler, 2010; Swain, 2003). Through various interactions, males acknowledge that they have to obtain a powerful and strong body. More importantly, males seek to gain a status through their strengths and skilled body (Kehler, 2010; Swain, 2003). Males that have masculine sculpted bodies are able to attain positions of others males. Typically, in Physical Education (PE), a boy’sShow MoreRelatedYet, A Reading Of Deleuze’S Concept Of ‘Becomings’ Enable1292 Words   |  6 Pagestherefore disrupt the public imagined temporality which consider the innocent girl to slowly transform into an experienced sexual woman. It also conceptualized these anti-linear and sometimes queer ‘becoming’ as a way of managing contradictions in the society discourse. Alarming discourse, position girls as weak victims or ‘incomplete’ beings unable to resist media’s attempts to seduce them and therefore in need of adult protection. This unfortunately haven’t resulted in a constructive improvement of theRead MoreHow Has White Patriarchy Affected Black Masculinity?1339 Words   |  6 Pages2811–A01 Masculinities Essay: How has white patriarchy affected black masculinity? White patriarchy has strongly affected black masculinity in many ways. Historically, as slaves black men were taught that dominance and patriarchal control over women was their right, and an integral part of masculinity.1 Living in white patriarchal society, where powerful white men are the standard of masculinity, many black men may struggle to find an identity which reflects themselves in a society where theyRead MoreBeing Male or Female Locks Us Into Roles1195 Words   |  5 PagesIn most cultures, the term gender is associated with social roles and labor tasks and is usually determined by biological sex. To be male or female is a pre-constructed identity which locks people into roles and behaviors and penalizes deviation (*). If a person identifies themselves as a man, they are expected to perform the role as the strong, independent and hardworking man. If a person identifies themselves as a woman, they are expected to be beautiful, nurturing, passive and dependent on otherRead MoreGender Bending : Femininity And Masculinity928 Words   |  4 Pages Gender Bending Womanhood is often associated with femininity while manhood with masculinity. Masculinity is the idea that men are tough both physically and mentally. Femininity, a term associated with being a women and used to describe a women’s comportment and attitude. A gentle individual, male or female, who wear dresses, skirts, high heels, makeup, have long hair is considered feminine. Unfortunately this term is used to define womanhood, if a womenRead MoreThe Basic Supposition Of The Symbolic Interactionist1649 Words   |  7 Pagesof three elements, self, society and social interaction. These elements form a triangle of interwoven social connections. The basic association is as follows: society shapes self, self then shapes social interaction and interaction shapes society. The interaction is complex enough to also allow for nearly every possible combination between those three elements in that the Self is both affected by and can affect Society and so on. In these articles the authors examine how the presentation of sharedRead MoreThe Socially Constructed Practice of Masculinity in Literature1389 Words   |  5 PagesMasculinity is a socially constructed practice that guarantees the domination of men and the subordination of women. This practice has been looked at as a superior â€Å"force of nature† in literature for years and years, and Frederic Henry from A Farewell to Arms, by Ernest Hemingway, McMurphy from One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest, by Ken Kesey, and Joe from Their Eyes Were Watching God, by Zora Neale Hurston, all use their masculine identity as a way to gain and maintain power, both subconsciously andRead MoreSouth Park: Fun With Veal2476 Words   |  10 PagesLikewise, a fellow employee once jokingly remarked that my abstention from sharing part of a chicken with him rendered me a sissy. The revelation that not only did others find my vegetarianism amusing but indicative of my sexuality and subordinate masculinity was disquieting. The dominant culture’s feminization and concomitant derision of vegetarian men became all too clear to me upon viewing an episode of South Park at a friend’s behest. In â€Å"Fun With Veal,† Trey Parker and Matt Stone portray Ms.Read MoreFemininity, Masculinity, And Masculinity861 Words   |  4 PagesWomanhood is often associated with femininity while manhood with masculinity. Masculinity is the idea that men are tough both physically and mentally. Femininity, a term associated with being women is used to describe a women’s comportment and attitude. A gentle individual male or female, who wears dresses, skirts, high heels, makeup, and has long hair would be identified as feminine. Unfortunately, society judges and criticizes a women who do not depict feminine characteristics. Such women are regardedRead MoreThroughout Centuries Gender Has Been A Social Construct1363 Words   |  6 Pages Throughout centuries gender has been a social construct that enforces gender norms and as a result, gender inequality was born. Gender inequality has prevailed and can be observed throughout most cultures, education, labor force, and in our own p ersonal lives. At a very young age we are introduced to a gender identity based upon the sex we were born with. Girls are associated with the color pink, dolls, nurturing tendencies, and inclined to be more emotional. While boys are associated with theRead MoreWomen s Influence On The Formation Of The New Land971 Words   |  4 PagesAccording to society women need a strong masculine man to protect and provide for them. What if I told all that could’ve been different in a new world where women and men could be free, own land, and practice any religion, would you go? Many European settlers fled England with hopes to break free from tradition. Breaking free from old traditions must lead to new traditions, right? Yet, the arrival of settlers not only brought culture, religion, and traditions, but also a system of gender roles. The

The Earth Is Warming - 1412 Words

The Earth is warming. According to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the last 15 consecutive months have set global records for heat. 2016 is soon to break the record for hottest year, which is a record that was broken in 2010, 2014, and 2015. The rise is temperature has drastic environmental effects such as rising sea levels, droughts, and heat waves. In the past century, sea levels have risen over a foot around New York City, increasing the frequency and intensity of flooding. The increasing temperature of waters has made them inhospitable and deadly for many species. However, animals are not the only ones afflicted by these conditions. A combination of harsh droughts, floods, and other weather disturbances cause people internationally to fight over limited resources. These factors created by climate change lead to instability that â€Å"creates an avenue for extremist ideologies and conditions that foster terrorism,† a 2014 Department of Defense report sa id. In Obama’s presidency, he has taken steps to sedate the problem such as the enacting of the Clean Power Plan, which aims to reduce greenhouse gas emission by 32% from 2005 to 2025. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets individual goals for each state on how much carbon emission they must cut. Then each state can come up with their own plan to reach that goal, or the EPA will make a plan for them. As Obama’s term ends, there is ample opportunity for the new president to either expand onShow MoreRelatedGlobal Warming and Earth925 Words   |  4 PagesEarth is home of human survival, for our homeland climate change concerns, is everyones wise performance. The United Nations has been commissioned by the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( commissioned by IPCC, because it is a loose organization to hire many well-known scientists in the world consisting of ) the world has done a comprehensive assessment of climate change . IPCC concluded that: most likely human behavior leads to global warming. Specific details are toRead MoreThe Effects Of Global Warming On Earth1577 Words   |  7 PagesTo sustain life on earth, the earth temperature must be maintain at a very delicate figure. But what if the unthinkable happens? What if the earth’s temperature was to increase by a just mere half a degree, maybe a full or even two or three, the effects could be devastating to the environment, to me and to you. Unfortunately we may have the opportunity to see the effects of the earth temperature rising a few degrees in this lifetime. According to scientist, for hundreds of thousands of years, a phenomenonRead MoreGlobal Warming And Its Effects On The Earth927 Words   |  4 PagesGlobal-Warming Mother Earth is burning as we speak; humanity has killed our precious Earth. Global-warming is a vicious killer that was created by the humans on this Earth, and there s no way to cure it. We,as humans, have the power to cleanse the Earth, but instead we destroy it. Heat is absorded by carbon dixide and greenhouse gases. A greenhouse gas absorb thermal radiation emmited by the Earth s surface. As the sun s energy reaches the Earth’s surface some of it goes back out into spaceRead MoreThe Effects Of Global Warming On The Earth901 Words   |  4 Pages What is Global Warming? Countless feel as if it is a natural phenomenon that the Earth cycles through. They are terribly mistaken. It is the effect of greenhouse gasses that are emitted by the machines we use today. These gasses are becoming trapped in the earth’s atmosphere, causing the temperature to rise. The effects of global warming are all around us and are becoming more prominent. There are already efforts in place to stop it and programs to â€Å"go green†. This climate change is a serious threatRead MoreThe Impact Of Global Warming On The Earth900 Words   |  4 Pagesof Global Warming Purpose Statement: To inform my audience about how global warming is impacting the earth. Central Idea: Data shows that all throughout history, the temperature of our planet has changed over and over again for natural reasons. Holli Riebeek, education and outreach specialist at NASA, stated that these changes are due to small shifts in the Earth’s orbit and the Sun’s energy levels varying throughout time. Today, unfortunately, with the average temperature of the earth rising moreRead MoreThe Effects of Global Warming on the Earth990 Words   |  4 PagesGlobal Warming Earth’s temperature is a vital aspect to Earth and its surroundings. The atmospheric temperature along with natural gases is the significant reasons why Earth inhabits all of its life. When there are changes that alter the natural affects of Earth’s environment there are factors that places the environment at risk. Increase warming of global temperatures account as a major concern of Earth’s surroundings. Global warming is a prominent source to consider how and why the environmentRead MoreGlobal Warming And The Planet Earth1341 Words   |  6 PagesGlobal Warming and the Planet Earth: We Broke It and We Can Help Fix It! Global warming is a problem, caused in large part by human activity, and as it stands, poses a monumental threat to the planet and all of its occupants; while mega polluters do not have an incentive to stop greenhouse gas production, we can, as individuals work towards the solution, greenhouse gas reduction, by improving our awareness and implementing the day to day measures necessary in achieving this goal. The purpose ofRead MoreThe Effects Of Climate Warming On The Earth972 Words   |  4 Pages Throughout the history of the earth, there has been a continual change in the climate of the earth. According to Nasa, there have been seven cycles of glacial advance and retreat within the last 650,000 years. One of them being the last ice age that abruptly ended about 7,000 years ago which marked the beginning of modern civilization. The changes in climate are normally caused by slight variations in the orbit of the Earth around the Sun which causes there be an increase or decrease in the amountRead MoreGlobal Warming And The Planet Earth1588 Words   |  7 PagesGlobal Warming and the Planet Earth: We Broke It, Let’s Help Fix It! Global warming, often confused with the term â€Å"climate change,† is a problem of worldly proportions that knows no limits, caused in large part by human activity. If it continues unchecked, its effects will be felt around the planet, from human society, to the environment, to the world economy. The purpose of this research paper is to understand the topic of global warming, you will hear from scientists and experts in the fieldRead MoreThe Effects Of Global Warming On The Earth Essay1733 Words   |  7 PagesSave the Earth The Earth is slowly dying and we can save it, however, it requires some initiative. Global warming, or climate change, is a very real problem that may soon wipe out the Earth’s resources. Some of which include necessary items such as natural foods and water. This problem doesn’t just happen in some third-world country no one has heard of. This is happening right in our own back yards. This problem has a very simple solution: conserve energy, cut down on Carbon Dioxide emissions

Ranks and customs army free essay sample

Each one of one of us has our limitations. When pushed to our limitations weather is be mental or physical sometimes our reactions become irrational. However being in todays army and serving as a Non-Commisoned Officer no matter what limit you are push to you must always maintain a the upmost level of perfessionalism and respect. Last week I push to a new level of fustrtion and madness. In response to this I lost my proffesinalism, I dissrespected a sernior non-commisoned officer something that should never be done. In response i was formally consoled and told to write a 5 page essay on the importance of military customs and curtisties. Before I can truely go into that I figured I must first go into what exactly the rank structure is. What each rank actually means. Not just to me but to the army. Private- Private First Class This is the first fe wranks within the United States Army. We will write a custom essay sample on Ranks and customs army or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It from the Latin word privus or perhaps privo it is a person without (deprived of) an office. That certainly describes a Private in the Army. The term as a military rank comes from the Sixteenth Century when individuals had the privilege of enlisting or making private contracts to serve as private soldiers in military units. Before the Sixteenth Century many armies were simply feudal levies in which the feudal lords forced their serfs or subjects to serve. Speicilaist The spiecalist is possible the most intresting rank of them all. It is a the first rank where you gain some repect in todays army, yet you still do not hold any title of responsbilte for others. Many reguard this as the best rank in today military due to the aformentioned reason. The army of specialst used to have different skill levels but that practice was abolished roughly 20 years ago. Today it is considered one of the monst vitial ranks in reguards to leadership. For the first time in ones army career he or she may be task and put in charge of something, thus testing there leadership capabilites. Though they are often tasked with doing something the responsibletie rarely will fall on there shoulders if it is not done or not done correctly. This responsbility will be that of the NCO appointed over them. After this rank is when responsbilites and respect take hand. For the first time in someones military career they are called a NCO. The acranoym of NCO stands for Non-Commoishioned officer. There are two types of officers in todays army. First type of officer is the Non-commsioned Officer. A non-commissioned officer, is an enlisted member of an armed forces who has been given authority by a commissioned officer. The NCO corps includes all the grades of sergeant and (commissioned) officer, who, in most armies, is discouraged from developing too close personal relationships with his charges. Though there is only one NCO thre are 2 levels of which to acheive in being a NCO. We call these Jounior NCOs (e-4 through e-6) and Senior NCO (e-7 through e-9). The expectations of the two levels are the same, and nothing less then the utmost of professalism will be tolerated. The first level is what we are going to be speaking is the jounior noncommsioned officer. It is the jouinor non commisoned officer whom has the most direct contact with the troops. The promption into beocming a jouiner nco is what is more commonly know as a semi centerlaized promiton. Semi centralized Promotion process means that the unit (company) plays a part in the promotion selection process, but its the Army who decides who actually gets promoted The ranks are as followed: The corporal was established in 1775 with the birth of the Army and the NCO corps. Along with the rank of sergeant, the corporal is the only rank that has never disappeared from the NCO corps. The corporal is the base of the NCO ranks, serving as leader of the smallest Army units, principally; teams leaders. Like sergeant, corporals are responsible for the individual training, personal appearance and cleanliness of their soldiers. As the command sergeant major is known as the hieght of success in the NCO corps, the corporal is the beginning of the NCO corps. As the NCO corps is known as the backbone of the Army, the corporal is the backbone of the NCO corps. The rank of corporal is not a position in which to learn how to become a leader no apprenticeship here. While certainly the new corporal will be developed new skills, strengthening old ones and generally better, he or she is a sergeant, and is no less a professional than those grades of rank to come. SERGEANT: Of all the NCO ranks, this one, very possibly, has the greatest impact on lower-ranking soldiers. Privates, who are the basic manpower strength of the Army, generally have sergeants as their first NCO leaders. It is to the rank of sergeant that the privates look for example. Sergeants are responsible for the individual training, personal appearance and cleanliness of their soldiers. The authority of the sergeant is equal to that of any other NCO rank. The sergeant must be unquestionably competent in order to carry out the mission correctly, accomplish each task and care for assigned soldiers. The Sergeant started out as a servant, serviens in Latin, to a knight in medieval times. He became a fighting man because combat in those days often amounted to cutting down everybody in reach, regardless of whether they were armed. He became an experienced warrior who might ride a horse but was not wealthy enough to afford all the equipment and retainers to qualify as a knight. As an experienced soldier he might be called upon to take charge of a group of serfs or other common people forced to serve in an army of feudal levies. The Sergeant would conduct what training he could to teach his charges to fight, lead them into battle and, most important, keep them from running away during a battle. Sergeant was not a rank but an occupation. He might lead others he might fight alone or as a member of a group of sergeants, or he might serve the lord of his village as a policeman or guard. The modern title sergeant-at-arms used by many clubs recalls armed Sergeants who kept order at meetings. STAFF SERGEANT: The rank of staff sergeant closely parallels that of the sergeant in duties and responsibilities. In fact, the basic duties and responsibilities of all the NCO ranks never change, but there are significant difference between this step in the NCO structure and the preceding one. The staff sergeant is a more experienced leader of soldiers. It is proper to expect that the staff sergeant can bring the benefits of that experience to bear in any situation and under all circumstances. The major difference between the staff sergeant and the sergeant is not authority, as is often mistakenly believed, but rather sphere of influence. The staff sergeant is in daily contact with large numbers of soldiers and generally has more equipment and other property to maintain. Staff sergeants often have one or more sergeants working under their leadership. Staff sergeants are responsible for their continued successful development as well as that of other soldiers in the section, squad or team. If NCOs are the backbone of the Army, then staff sergeants are the elements of which backbones are made. The complexities of the staff sergeants job increases as the responsibilities broaden. The staff sergeants success, more than any other grade of the NCO rank, leads to the Armys success, and the footprints you see behind those of our greatest military leaders are probably those of staff sergeants, where they stood confident, proud and eager to assist. The position title of platoon sergeant is considered key in the command structure of the Army. Platoon sergeants generally have several staff sergeants working under their leadership. The platoon sergeant is the key assistant and advisor to the platoon leader. In the absence of the platoon leader, the platoon sergeant commands the platoon. The sergeant first class may serve in a position subordinates to the platoon sergeant or may serve as the NCOIC of a section with all the attendants responsibilities and duties of the platoon sergeant. Whether platoon sergeant or sergeant first class, this is the first level at which the term senior NCO property applies. The platoon sergeant or sergeant first class generally has 15 to 18 years or more of military experience and is rightfully expected to bring that experience to bear in quick, accurate decisions that are in the best interest of the mission and the soldier. The platoon sergeant is expected to embody all the traits of a leader. Unlike the promotion processes for Private through Staff Sergeant, your unit commander has little to do with the promotion process to E-7, E-8, and E-9. These promotions are completely centralized at Head Quarters of the Department of the Army (HQDA). Enlisted Centralized Selection Boards are convened Army-wide, at the U. S. Army Enlisted Records and Evaluations Center (USAEREC) in Indianapolis, Indiana. USAEREC is a subordinate command of U. S. Armys Personnel Command (PERSCOM). With that said for the first time in someones military carrer, it is at this point that you can no longer loose your rank with the company commanders recommendation. FIRST SERGEANT AND MASTER SERGEANT: When you are talking about the first sergeant, you are talking about the lifeblood of the Army. There can be no substitute for this position or any questions of its importance. When first sergeants are exceptional, their units are exceptional, regardless of any other single personality involved. It is the position of first sergeant in which almost all unit operations merge. The first sergeant holds formations, instructs platoon sergeants the commander and assists in training all enlisted members. The first sergeants is proud of the unit and, understandably, wants others to be aware of the units success. For the first time, the title of address for this grade is not sergeant.first sergeant. There is a unique relationship of confidence and respect that exists between the first sergeant and the commander not found at another level within the Army. The master sergeant serves as the principal NCO in staff elements at battalion and higher levels. Although not charged with the enormous leadership responsibilities of the first sergeant, the master sergeant is expected to dispatch lead ership and other duties with the same professionalism and to achieve the same results as the first sergeant.Enlisted soldiers who attain the distinction of being selected to be command sergeant major are the highest level of success in their chosen field. Except sergeant major of the Army, there is no higher grade of rank for enlisted soldiers, and there is no greater honor. The command sergeant major carries out policies and standard of the performance, training, appearance and conduct of enlisted personnel. The command sergeant major advises and initiates recommendations to the commander and staff in matters pertaining to the local NCO support channel. Perhaps slightly wiser and more experienced than the first sergeant, the command sergeant major is expected to function completely without supervision. Like the old sage of times past, the command sergeant majors counsel is expected to be calm, settled and accurate, but with an energy and enthusiasm that never changes, even in the worst of times. Assignable to anywhere in the Army, the command sergeants major is all those things, and more, of each of the preceding grades of rank. The sergeant major is generally the key enlisted member of staff elements at levels than higher than battalion. The sergeant majors experience and ability are equal to that of the command sergeant major, but the sphere of influence regarding leadership is generally limited to those directly under his charge. The military, like any organization, has different positions within its organizational structure. NCOs or Non Commissioned Officers are not brutes who bully the lower rankers into obeying orders. Higher ranking then any of the noncommsioned officers are the commisoned officers. A Lieutenant often takes the place of a superior officer when that officer is absent. The word comes from the French lieu (place) and tenant (holder). The Lieutenant then is one who holds the place of another. Since he took the place of a senior officer the Lieutenant ranked next to that person and was his deputy. A Captain is a chieftain or head of a unit. The title comes from the Latin word capitaneus that meant chieftain, which in turn came from an older Latin word caput that meant head. It would seem that a Captain could head a unit of any size but as armies evolved his post came to be at the head of a company, usually 100 to 200 men. That seemed to be the number one man could manage in battle. Captains were company commanders in the British, French and other armies for centuries. They carried on that job in our Army1775 to the present. Army Captains got their rank insignia of two bars in about 1832 at the same time the First Lieutenants got one bar. The bars were gold except for the Infantry officers who wore silver bars until 1851. The two bars originated a few years earlier when Captains and Lieutenants both wore plain epaulettes whose differences were mostly in the size of the fringes. To help distinguish between the two ranks, Captains wore two strips or holders of gold or silver lace across the epaulette straps while Lieutenants wore one strip. In 1872 Captains changed to silver bars. These were two separate bar embroidered onto shoulder straps or epaulettes. The railroad tracks used by Captains today appeared when officers started using metal pin-on rank insignia on their khaki or olive drab uniforms during or shortly after the Spanish-American War. Major is a Latin word that means greater as compared to minor that means less. Majors in our Army started wearing oak leaves as rank insignia on their shoulder straps about 1832. Why the Army chose oak leaves remains a mystery. Anyway, back to the Major and his oak leaves. In 1832 the color of the leaves had to be opposite the color of the shoulder strap borders so Infantry Majors wore gold leaves while other Majors wore silver. After 1851 all Majors wore gold oak leaves. They did not have oak leaves on their epaulettes because the size of the fringes on their epaulettes and other features of their uniforms identified them as Majors. A Lieutenant Colonel typically commands a battalion-sized unit (300 to 1,000 soldiers), with a Command Sergeant Major as principal NCO assistant. A Lieutenant Colonel may also serve as a brigade or task force Executive Officer. A General usually has overall command of a whole army. His title comes from the Latin word generalis that meant something pertaining to a whole unit of anything rather than just to a part. As a military term General started as an adjective, as in Captain General indicating the Captain who had overall or general command of the army. Moving on to some of the armies customs The Army has its own customs, both official and social. Some have been handed down from the distant past while others are of comparatively recent origin. Those customs that endure stand on their own merits. As a long established social organization, the Army observes a number of customs that add to the interest, pleasure, and graciousness of Army life. Often it is these customs and traditions, strange to the civilian eye but solemn to the soldier, that keep the man in the uniform going in the unexciting times of peace. In war they keep him fighting at the front. The fiery regimental spirit fondly polished over decades and centuries possesses him in the face of the enemy. [The soldier] fights for the regiment, his battalion, his company, his platoon, his section, his comrade. A custom is an established practice. Customs include positive actions—things you do, and taboos—things you avoid. All established arts, trades, and professions, all races of people, all nations, and even different sections of the same nation have their own practices and customs by which they govern a part of their lives. Many Army customs compliment procedures required by military courtesy, while others add to the graciousness of garrison life. The breach of some Army customs merely brands the offender as ignorant, careless, or ill bred. Violations of other Army customs, however, will bring official censure or disciplinary action. The customs of the Army are its common law. These are a few: * Never criticize the Army or a leader in public. * Never go over the heads of superiors—dont jump the chain of command. * Never offer excuses. * Never wear a superiors rank by saying something like, the first sergeant wants this done now, when in fact the first sergeant said no such thing. Speak with your own voice. * Never turn and walk away to avoid giving the hand salute. * Never run indoors or pretend you dont hear (while driving, for example) to avoid standing reveille or retreat. * Never appear in uniform while under the influence of alcohol.

Sainsbury supermarket UK Essay Example

Sainsbury supermarket UK Essay 1. Introduction The business that I have decided to report on is J Sainsburys. As we all know this is a very well known and well-established organisation and this is why I decided to make a report which focus great deal on the UK Sainsbury Grocery. Sainsburys store that has over 1 million branches across UK. I am going to identify the different objectives of my chosen business and I am going to write this by focusing on the following points and explaining 2. Market position and estimated market share. Market position is simply, positioning is how your target market defines you in relation to your competitors, according to (Wikipedia, 2006) We will write a custom essay sample on Sainsbury supermarket UK specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Sainsbury supermarket UK specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Sainsbury supermarket UK specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Market share refers to a Sainsburys share of the total sales of all theirs products within the category in which the brand competes. Market share is determined by dividing a brands sales volume by the total category sales volume defined by Worthington, Britton and Rees (2005). According to market research group TNS Worldpanel, the UKs big four. Tesco, Asda, Sainsburys and Morrisons now hold almost three-quarters (74.4%) of the grocery market. Sainsburys Supermarkets is the number three UK supermarket with a market 15.9% share of UK supermarket sales in the 12 weeks, trailing just behind Tesco and Asda. (See: Figure1) shows the market share of Sainsbury and its competitors (TNS 2006) 2.1 Number and Types of competitors Competition is the act of striving against another force for the purpose of achieving dominance or attaining a reward or goal, or out of a biological imperative such as survival. The grocery industry sector in the UK is controlled and directed by supermarket giants most of which are household names. Between the high-end niche market players like Waitrose and Marks Spencer and the cheap bulk discounters like Iceland, but the top competitors players operating in the largest market segment for Sainsbury remain are Tesco,, Asda, and Morrisons. Striving to capture consumer attention and in the effort to retain it, the strategies of the supermarkets swing between loyalty schemes and price wars. Alongside continuous attempt to retain a hold over the home market, many of the organizations view overseas opportunities as another lucrative way to inflate profits and expand the brand name. On the other side of the coin, invasions from foreign companies like Wal-Mart/Asda and the slightly over-efficient supply mechanism of the Sainsbury has grown greatly and has increased its market, also the increase in customers has given Sainsbury a large amount of profit. A supermarket that offers a wide choice of leading brands at significantly low prices, cheaper than its competitors in the in the United Kingdom, and globally, with quality reduced prices, and full customer satisfaction guarantied. Sainsbury is a very large British company, that is well known is the United Kingdom, and overseas, has a different way of approach to there customers, they makes there own products which leads to very low prices, cheaper then the market leading supermarkets such as MS, Asda and Sainsburys. However, this means that even people that are on lower incomes or from low class back-grounds, can afford to go shopping at Tesco were they can spend the same amount that they would in the other. 3. Market position There has not being any recent changes in the market position for Sainsbury. Despite Sainsburys sales growth of 6.6%, see Figure 2. Sainsbury remains in third position, as Sainsbury went through a terrible time recently mainly with stock and many customers simply not getting what they want in the store (empty shelves). This was mainly down to outdated software and delivery system which I now believe has been improved. I think they are now showing signs of recovery but will take a long time to catch Tesco. (Jorn Madslien 2006) Another reason might be that the image of Sainsburys is very much still as a posh shop i.e. very expensive. Although I have to say if you want something that Tescos does not stock Sainsbury would probably have it. 3.1 Market development (recent changes) Market development would consist of the activities undertaken by a firm to develop a market presence, in order to sell goods and services. It would not include the cost of selling those goods and services. Therefore the market development is one of the main pillars of Sainsbury strategy. (Sainsbury, 2006) One of the market development for Sainsbury was the recent changes in Business functions for Sainsburys. The business functions of Sainsburys are as follows: marketimg and sales. The company has a separate Marketing and Sales department and market research is used in the forms of market research staff using survey questionnaire in streets and in store, customer focus mornings where feed back can be gained, and questionnaires regarding current promotions e.g. Reward Card. The company hopes to appeal to adults and younger people. The company advertises mainly through T.V and radio and through adverts in magazines and newspapers. The major influences on the price of the product are costs by the producer, competitors prices, regional pricing and select prices. The main costs of distribution are transport and other related fixed costs depot vehicles and labour, fuel, consumables. The company is establishing closer links with suppliers by sharing vehicles. This helps the company to meet its objectives because it allows them to know what the customers want so they can provide a good. (Investment and Business News, 2006) Sainsbury have emerged dominant in the UK grocery market and are showing signs that they may leverage their retail expertise into other market sectors. Retailers have learnt, particularly in the UK, that their own brand identity has become more important than the products they sell and greater wealth can now be created by the communication of an overall retail brand identity. This will become even more important in the future. (BBC news 2006) Since 2000, Jamie Oliver has been the public face of the Sainsburys supermarket chain in the UK, appearing on television and radio advertisements and in-store promotional material. The deal earns him an estimated à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1.2 million every year. The Jamie Oliver effect was continuing to have a big impact as the super chefs Try Something New (Sainsbury 2005) Recipe tips were encouraging people to buy a wider range of foods from the store. A major Christmas marketing push with Oliver will launch shortly (BBC news 2003). In 2006, Oliver fronted Sainsburys new advertising slogan urging customers to try something different by suggesting recipe ideas. In October the company claimed sales of some featured products had more than doubled. Sainsburys competitors also noticed a substantial increase in these products (Julia Finch, 2005)